Extensions

Turso provides several built-in extensions that add specialized SQL functions and virtual tables. Extensions can be loaded at runtime using the load_extension() function.

Loading Extensions

SELECT load_extension('extension_name');

Turso supports loading Turso-native extensions. SQLite .so/.dll loadable extensions are not supported.

UUID Extension

The UUID extension provides functions for generating and working with UUIDs. UUIDs are stored as 16-byte BLOBs by default.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`uuid4()`	none	BLOB	Generate a random UUID v4
`uuid4_str()`	none	TEXT	Generate a random UUID v4 as string. Alias: `gen_random_uuid()`
`uuid7()`	none	BLOB	Generate a time-ordered UUID v7
`uuid7(seconds)`	INTEGER	BLOB	Generate a UUID v7 with specified seconds since epoch
`uuid7_timestamp_ms(uuid)`	BLOB	INTEGER	Extract milliseconds since epoch from a UUID v7
`uuid_str(uuid)`	BLOB	TEXT	Convert a UUID blob to string representation
`uuid_blob(uuid)`	TEXT	BLOB	Convert a UUID string to blob representation

Examples

-- Generate UUIDs
SELECT uuid4_str();
-- '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'

SELECT uuid_str(uuid4());
-- 'f47ac10b-58cc-4372-a567-0e02b2c3d479'

-- UUID v7 is time-ordered (good for primary keys)
SELECT uuid_str(uuid7());
-- '0190a5c0-1234-7abc-8def-0123456789ab'

-- Extract timestamp from UUID v7
SELECT uuid7_timestamp_ms(uuid7());
-- 1720000000000

-- Use in a table
CREATE TABLE documents (
    id BLOB PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT (uuid7()),
    title TEXT
);
INSERT INTO documents (title) VALUES ('My Document');
SELECT uuid_str(id), title FROM documents;

Regexp Extension

The regexp extension provides regular expression functions compatible with sqlean-regexp.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`regexp(pattern, source)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Returns 1 if source matches pattern
`regexp_like(source, pattern)`	TEXT, TEXT	INTEGER	Returns 1 if source matches pattern (argument order reversed)
`regexp_substr(source, pattern)`	TEXT, TEXT	TEXT	Returns the first substring matching pattern, or NULL
`regexp_capture(source, pattern)`	TEXT, TEXT	TEXT	Returns the first capture group match
`regexp_capture(source, pattern, n)`	TEXT, TEXT, INTEGER	TEXT	Returns the n-th capture group match
`regexp_replace(source, pattern, replacement)`	TEXT, TEXT, TEXT	TEXT	Replace matches with replacement string

Examples

-- Pattern matching
SELECT regexp('[0-9]+', 'abc123def');
-- 1

-- The REGEXP operator uses this extension
SELECT 'hello123' REGEXP '[a-z]+[0-9]+';
-- 1

-- Extract matching substring
SELECT regexp_substr('Price: $42.50', '[0-9]+\.[0-9]+');
-- '42.50'

-- Capture groups
SELECT regexp_capture('2025-03-15', '(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})', 1);
-- '2025'

-- Replace
SELECT regexp_replace('Hello World', '[aeiou]', '*');
-- 'H*ll* W*rld'

Vector Extension

Turso Extension: Native vector search for similarity search and semantic search applications.

The vector extension provides functions for creating, storing, and searching vector embeddings. Vectors are stored as BLOBs. For the complete function reference, see Vector Functions.

Quick Reference

Function	Description
`vector32(json)`	Create a 32-bit float vector
`vector64(json)`	Create a 64-bit float vector
`vector_distance_cos(v1, v2)`	Cosine distance
`vector_distance_l2(v1, v2)`	Euclidean distance
`vector_extract(v)`	Convert vector to JSON
`vector_concat(v1, v2)`	Concatenate vectors
`vector_slice(v, start, end)`	Extract vector slice

Example

CREATE TABLE docs (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    content TEXT,
    embedding BLOB
);

INSERT INTO docs VALUES (1, 'database systems', vector32('[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]'));
INSERT INTO docs VALUES (2, 'machine learning', vector32('[0.4, 0.5, 0.6]'));

-- Find similar documents
SELECT content, vector_distance_cos(embedding, vector32('[0.1, 0.25, 0.35]')) AS dist
FROM docs
ORDER BY dist
LIMIT 5;

Time Extension

The time extension is compatible with sqlean-time and provides advanced time manipulation functions.

Key Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`time_now()`	none	INTEGER	Current time as Unix nanoseconds
`time_date(y,m,d,...)`	INTEGER…	INTEGER	Create time from components
`time_unix(sec)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Create time from Unix seconds
`time_milli(ms)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Create time from milliseconds
`time_micro(us)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Create time from microseconds
`time_nano(ns)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Create time from nanoseconds
`time_to_unix(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Convert to Unix seconds
`time_to_milli(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Convert to milliseconds
`time_to_micro(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Convert to microseconds
`time_to_nano(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Convert to nanoseconds
`time_get_year(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Extract year
`time_get_month(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Extract month (1-12)
`time_get_day(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Extract day (1-31)
`time_get_hour(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Extract hour (0-23)
`time_get_minute(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Extract minute (0-59)
`time_get_second(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Extract second (0-59)
`time_get_weekday(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Day of week (0=Sunday)
`time_get(t, field)`	INTEGER, TEXT	INTEGER	Extract named field
`time_add(t, d)`	INTEGER, INTEGER	INTEGER	Add duration
`time_add_date(t, y, m, d)`	INTEGER…	INTEGER	Add years/months/days
`time_sub(t, u)`	INTEGER, INTEGER	INTEGER	Difference between times
`time_since(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Duration since time
`time_until(t)`	INTEGER	INTEGER	Duration until time
`time_trunc(t, field)`	INTEGER, TEXT	INTEGER	Truncate to field
`time_after(t, u)`	INTEGER, INTEGER	INTEGER	1 if t is after u
`time_before(t, u)`	INTEGER, INTEGER	INTEGER	1 if t is before u
`time_compare(t, u)`	INTEGER, INTEGER	INTEGER	-1, 0, or 1
`time_equal(t, u)`	INTEGER, INTEGER	INTEGER	1 if equal
`time_fmt_iso(t)`	INTEGER	TEXT	Format as ISO 8601
`time_fmt_datetime(t)`	INTEGER	TEXT	Format as datetime
`time_fmt_date(t)`	INTEGER	TEXT	Format as date
`time_fmt_time(t)`	INTEGER	TEXT	Format as time
`time_parse(s)`	TEXT	INTEGER	Parse time string

Duration Constants

Function	Value
`dur_ns()`	1 nanosecond
`dur_us()`	1 microsecond
`dur_ms()`	1 millisecond
`dur_s()`	1 second
`dur_m()`	1 minute
`dur_h()`	1 hour

Example

-- Current time formatted
SELECT time_fmt_iso(time_now());
-- '2025-03-15T10:30:00Z'

-- Date arithmetic
SELECT time_fmt_date(time_add_date(time_now(), 0, 1, 0));
-- add 1 month to today

-- Duration since a timestamp
SELECT time_since(time_date(2025, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)) / dur_h();
-- hours since Jan 1, 2025

Full-Text Search (FTS)

Turso Extension: Full-text search powered by Tantivy, replacing SQLite’s FTS3/FTS4/FTS5.

Turso provides full-text search through the FTS index method. For the complete reference including query syntax, tokenizers, and scoring, see FTS Functions.

Quick Reference

-- Create an FTS index
CREATE INDEX idx ON articles USING fts (title, body);

-- Search
SELECT title, fts_score('idx') AS score
FROM articles
WHERE fts_match('idx', 'database search')
ORDER BY score;

-- Highlighted results
SELECT fts_highlight('idx', 0, '<b>', '</b>') AS title
FROM articles
WHERE fts_match('idx', 'database');

CSV Extension

The CSV extension provides a virtual table for reading CSV files.

Usage

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE temp.csv_data USING csv(
    filename='/path/to/data.csv',
    header=yes
);

SELECT * FROM csv_data;

Parameter	Description
`filename`	Path to the CSV file
`header`	`yes` if the first row contains column names

Percentile Extension

Statistical aggregate functions for computing percentiles.

Functions

Function	Parameters	Return Type	Description
`median(X)`	column	REAL	Median value (50th percentile)
`percentile(Y, P)`	column, REAL	REAL	P-th percentile of Y (P between 0 and 100)
`percentile_cont(Y, P)`	column, REAL	REAL	Continuous percentile (interpolated)
`percentile_disc(Y, P)`	column, REAL	REAL	Discrete percentile (nearest value)

Examples

CREATE TABLE scores (value REAL);
INSERT INTO scores VALUES (10), (20), (30), (40), (50);

SELECT median(value) FROM scores;
-- 30.0

SELECT percentile(value, 75) FROM scores;
-- 40.0

SELECT percentile_cont(value, 0.25) FROM scores;
-- 20.0

generate_series

The generate_series table-valued function generates a sequence of integers.

SELECT value FROM generate_series(start, stop);
SELECT value FROM generate_series(start, stop, step);

Parameter	Type	Description
start	INTEGER	Starting value (inclusive)
stop	INTEGER	Ending value (inclusive)
step	INTEGER	Step increment (default: 1)

SELECT value FROM generate_series(1, 5);
-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SELECT value FROM generate_series(0, 10, 2);
-- 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

SELECT value FROM generate_series(10, 1, -3);
-- 10, 7, 4, 1

Getting Started

Fundamentals

AI and Agents

CLI Reference

SQL Reference

Changelog

Extensions

Extensions

Loading Extensions

UUID Extension

Functions

Examples

Regexp Extension

Functions

Examples

Vector Extension

Quick Reference

Example

Time Extension

Key Functions

Duration Constants

Example

Full-Text Search (FTS)

Quick Reference

CSV Extension

Usage

Percentile Extension

Functions

Examples

generate_series

See Also

​Extensions

​Loading Extensions

​UUID Extension

​Functions

​Examples

​Regexp Extension

​Functions

​Examples

​Vector Extension

​Quick Reference

​Example

​Time Extension

​Key Functions

​Duration Constants

​Example

​Full-Text Search (FTS)

​Quick Reference

​CSV Extension

​Usage

​Percentile Extension

​Functions

​Examples

​generate_series

​See Also

Extensions

Loading Extensions

UUID Extension

Functions

Examples

Regexp Extension

Functions

Examples

Vector Extension

Quick Reference

Example

Time Extension

Key Functions

Duration Constants

Example

Full-Text Search (FTS)

Quick Reference

CSV Extension

Usage

Percentile Extension

Functions

Examples

generate_series

See Also